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THE 


ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY 


NATURAL HISTORY, 


a ee 


CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION, 


JULY, 1878. 


——_—_———_ - = —_ —__-—— 


SPRINGFIELD: 
= REGISTER PRINTING Ho 


ue 


ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY 


OF 


NATURAL HISTORY. 


NORMAL, ILL 


——————- > oe ----—_ _____ 


CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION, 


an 


JULY, 1878. 


——————————__ o_o ———_ 


Shine IELD: 
S 9 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2010 with funding from 
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 


http://www.archive.org/details/circularofinformOOilli 


THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF 
NATURAL HISTORY. 


Prof. S. A. Forbes, Curator of the Laboratory, by vote of the 
Board, read his annual report, as follows: 


To the State Board of Feducation: 


This is an institution whose chief objects are the prosecution and 
aid of original work on the natural history of the State, (preference 


““being given to subjects having special educational or economical 
_value,) the publication of the results of such work for the informa- 


tion of the people, the training and instruction of teachers of bot- 
any and zoology for the public schools, and the supply of the nec- 


- essary scientific material to these schools, to the State Museum, 


and to the State educational institutions. It affords a place to which 
any specialist or scientific student may come, with the assurance 
that he will find everything necessary for special study or original 
work on the natural history of Illinois, to which any teacher may 
come for preparation to teach these subjects intelligently, and upon 
which the officers of any school may draw for material to illustrate 
the scientific work of their school. 


Its operations are guided by the conviction that the spread of the 


. knowledge and discipline of science among the people is essential 


to their highest prosperity; that this is a matter of public rather 


than of personal concern, and that it must be provided for by public 


rather than by private measures. 


To encourage the spontaneous and gratuitous labors of our sci- 


‘entific men, to assist them at least to the extent of supplying them 


iA er 


with such facilities for work as are beyond the reach of individuals, 
and to furnish them a means of adding the results of their labors to 
the common stock of human knowledge, is obviously sound public 


~ policy. Without this class of workers, devoted to science for its 


Own sake, no solid and valuable progress in science is possible, 


4 


From them comes the initiative, the incitement. They are the root 
of the tree by which the raw elements of the natura® world have 
been in all ‘ages drawn together and made ready for the nourish- 
ment of the organism. 


It is also of great importance to the public welfare that the meth- 
ods of work and habits of thought by which the achievements of 
modern science have been made, should be brought to bear as far 
as possible upon the daily life of all. For this, trained and intelli- 
gent teachers of science are necessary, able to comprehend the work 
of specialists, and to assiniilate and adapt it to the needs of the com- 
munity at large,—able also to translate the spirit and methods of 
science into the work of the school, and through the school into the 
pursuits of business and labor. 


But a practical knowledge of nature cannot be imparted by books 
or by word of mouth alone. The distinctive discipline of science 
can only be got by the immediate exercise of the mind upon ob- 
jects and upon ideas directly derived from objects. Materials for 
study, and named cabinets as the standards of reference, are the 
sine gua non of work worth doing. To incite and reward natural 
history work, nothing has been found more effective than skeleton 
cabinets of representative species, which can afterwards be filled up 
by the collections of teachers and pupils. The cost of these is slight, 
the value very great. An easily accessible medium of mutual ex- 
changes,—a center of authority to which difficult questions can be 
referred for solution, are also indispensable to success. 


The pressing needs of these three classes, specialists in science, 
the teachers and the pupils of the public schools, it is the principal 
function of the State Laboratory to supply. 


It is also evident that the large collections needed by the State 
Museum, and in the work of the great State educational institutions 
can be made more rapidly and much more economically by one tho- 
roughly equipped central laboratory than by the separate institutions 
themselves, since one set of apparatus, materials and men can thus do 
the work which would otherwise require several. It is not intend- 
ed to take from those institutions any work of special educational 
value, but to do for them in the least expensive way what each 
cannot do separately without considerable special outlay. 


5 
HISTORY. 


The institution had its origin in the transfer to the State of the 
museum of the IIllinois State Natural History Society, made in 


1871. 


This museum had been established at Normal, in rooms of the 
Normal University offered to the society by the State Board of Edu- 
cation, and it was therefore directed that the transfer be made to this 
board, “for the use and benefit of the State.””. The title of the institu- 
tion was changed to “The Illinois Museum of Natural History,” and 
its purposes were declared by a resolution of the Board to be “the 
prosecution of a natural history survey of the State, the encourage- 
ment and aid of original research and the diffusion of scientific 
knowledge and habits of thought among the people.” 


The rooms being furnished as a museum, full of exhibition cases 
crowded with material, it was impossible to provide properly for 
work even by the curators of the collections, and much less by 
specialists pursuing original investigations or students desiring a 
general knowledge of biology. 


The embarrassments arising from want of room and other accom- 
modations sufficient to provide at once for general laboratory 
work and study, and for the public exhibition of natural history 
almateri finally became so great as virtually to put a stop to fur- 
ther progress in either direction. It was consequently proposed to 
establish in rooms of ample size in the new State house at Spring- 
field, a general exhibit of the natural history of the State in con- 
nection with the collections of the State Geological Survey, leaving 
to the institution at Normal the work of a biological laboratory, and 
an act was passed by the last General Assembly giving effect to 
this plan. By sections 8 and 9 of the act it was directed that the 
Illinois Museum of Natural History at Normal be converted into a 
State Laboratory of Natural History, at which, under the direction 
of the curator thereof, the collection, preservation and deter- 
mination of all zoological and botanical material for said State 
Museum should be done. It was made a part of the duty of said 
curator to provide, as soon as possible, a series of specimens illustrat- 
ing the zoology and botany of the State, to deposit them from 
time to time in the museum established by the act, and to furnish, 
as far as practicable, all zoological and botanical material needed by 


6 


the State educational institutions for the proper performance of 
their work. It was also directed that one set of the duplicate 
zoological and botanical specimens then on hand in the Illinois 
Museum of Natural History, at Normal, which were not needed to 
illustrate the natural history work of the State Normal University, 
should be deposited, as soon as practicable, in the museum establish- 
ed by the act. 


At the next meeting of the State Board of Education, directions 
were given for the necessary refurnishing and reorganization of 
the rooms and collections, the title of the Museum was changed to 
the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, and sufficient 
appropriations were made. to carry out the directions of the law in 
a liberal way. About two-thirds of the room was cleared of cases, 
those remaining were adapted to the systematic arrangement of 
specimens without reference to their display, and the space vacated 
was filled with the work tables and large cases of drawers to be 
hereafter described. Further details of the changes made will be 
found under their appropriate heads. 


LOCATION. 


The Laboratory occupies a room 98 feet long by 32 feet wide, 
on the third floor of the State Normal University, at Normal, IIli- 
nois. Fifteen feet of one end of this room is cut off by a half parti- 
tion for a library and office. An abundance of light is given by 
sixteen windows, and the room is. heated by steam, and thoroughly 
ventilated. 


FURNITURE. 


The west side of the room is occupied by wall-cases, the upper 
part of which contain 596 square feet of shelving, for alcoholic 
specimens, enclosed behind glass doors; the lower part 432 draw- 
ers, giving 750 square feet of surface, one-half dust-tight and pro 
vided with glass covers, for insects; the other open, for herbarium 
specimens. . 


Opposite these are to high alcove cases, one-half of which are 
left without shelving, for skeletons and mounted groups, while the 
other, half, intended for duplicates, contains 965 square feet o 
shelving, 


7 


In the south half of the middle of the room are three twelve-foot 
cases, containing 440 drawers, closing dust-tight, affording 1,050 
square feet of surface, and locked by fifteen locks. These drawers 
are of various depths, from one and a half to seven inches, but so 
constructed as to be entirely interchangeable, any drawer fitting 
anywhere in the case. Between these cases are five tables for work 


in botany and conchology. 


The remainder of the room is occupied by an aquarium table 
(with sink and running water) 12 feet by three, two microscope 
tables, each six feet by three, one low, tor work while sitting, the 
other high, for standing work, and eighteen tables four feet by two, 
arranged in sets of three, one set each for entomology, alcoholic 
specimens, plaster casting, taxidermy, osteology and dissecting. 
The high microscope table contains 48 drawers of different depths, 
affording 98 square feet of surface. The tables are of varions kinds 
in eacn set, and each is provided with the tools and materials proper 
to the work for which it is intended. Small tables (with drawers) 
for the laboratory microscopes, are placed before the windows. 
The shelf-room in the laboratory consequently amounts to 1561 
square feet, and the drawer-room, exclusive of the work-tables, to 
1898 square feet. 


The Library contains the usual book-cases and tables with draw- 
ers for cards, catalogues, stationery, &c. 


At the ends of the room are diagram cases and cupboards for 
tools and materials. Two closets afford storage room for collecting 
apparatus, packing-boxes, and the like. 


APPARATUS, TOOLS AND EQUIPAGE. 


These include a large Smith & Beck’s binocular microscope, with 
four oculars and seven objectives, ranging from a three-inch glass 
to a one-thirteenth-inch, and six laboratory microscopes, from Ve- 
rick, of Paris; with powers from 18 to 880 diameters. The micro- 
scopes are provided with all the accessories necessary to first-class 
work in the preparation, mounting and study of specimens. Be- 
sides these are one large and several small aquaria, breeding cages 
for insects, guns, seines, dredges, towing nets, a wall tent and com- 
plete camping equipage, and full collecting apparatus generally, for 
botanical and zoological field work. 


COLLECTIONS. 


The botanical collection, thanks to the indefatigable labors of Dr. 
GrorGE V AsEy while here, and to his munificent generosity since 
his transfer to the National Department of Agriculture, and thanks 
to the like qualities of Mr. Joun Wocr, of Canton, IIl., is unusu- 
ally rich in Illinois specimens, the collections of named cryptogams 
being, in the present state of botanical science, especially worthy 
of notice. The private herbarium of Dr. V AsEy, containing large 
numbers of duplicates, has nearly all been given to the institution. 
The collections of birds, fishes, insects and crustaceans are also very | 
large. The following table will convey a correct general idea of 
their size and scope: 


9 


| 


eg 
g7 [Rs 
e |S 
CLASSES. -| wo 
220 |. 65 
Nn = 
PLANTS :— 
JE Ine an Ora HONCeR Bors Do bile a Mie Rem ce orc Ge oak Oe Galas. cic 1,376| 1,367 
CRYPTOGAMS :— 
LENS ICTS ERS ea PRN TS Us Ox ONS IP CLR RET OE ACI 36 31 
NPOSSES SPM Re eect Sahel aiet a din Some lnrchtroenstelensvaie/ ee ciave ests ions 170 110 
ER CRUE OLS toy ecosniay ss tetcyaie ie lel orale: als leicisiial dalammrale bore raanaisreicue my atamelrans 45 41 
LOREAL G eye Rites) ahereie ase alty s tilAa ahr avaucveley stan ote Shain oreree i sleieve aye esavei 217 175 
EURO ISEB a tee Tye arc cesatcne clsvate te Seen ciate eraisla, aneteiel sole eyetatell shay slave! « 148 
II SCNT ONS PS cry Spar v1 ci dh Sousa ane Se nd pPahehotatol epee era raterals stadeols 14 
ANIMALS :— 
INRA TITY Sees P.M tore elace hets ovoliis fatale tata te fotige tetera batatebollayatets ral[ esters ee 34 
EMIT TS: Sag Baek A Sh PR ERS tnt eee UE ERS S83) ARENA SCR sor tokedst a ote 310 279 
REPTILES :— 
“PTE rd CES eRe ee eicnesercey CRRA ICRC CICIGENCHE Ene ROCIO DIC Rie mein 13 12 
[LAE Se Geen OOO Tees © Oe nce COCO cd Goes amp oto cack 6 4 
Steirplain Sad Gdae ee seeee Gam Gadiag Guntn cud ond bak cdtce a yoo 47 26 
LS GAT OTIOTE OT Rp ntetp Bie QI CIeLG EI EERE CATER CIRCE TINIE ICRC RoI 2 8 
Abas Bre Gera va ta eacvan cley- fey step ary stsjsh ope e-sla\cisisle sialaseuctsie ouial(s(os) atcha alors 159 140 
INICURIS EE ib Gee Mame Boe. e 4 CORA IAG DO Ope COO sn DlooOoloDC col holmes 176 
INSECTS :— 
IWHLPSaTSS aC EMERG Gad co ab eo goo borddocoodsr otulosab eo acda||joposdc 175 
[bie PHG Pika EQ oerebe Deen eO ACS boo OOOO OCU OREO DCODES SSObb iodo 360 
ID MPDIXHE NS ESS icBice Daman eetos De bas le basvinp oan aoa Boos oad eden] 100 
Woleopeerass |: UUs. CAPAC A SO PON aT Da I ota atsle e 700 
EAI DLEE AR. - cry dveitys areayh = fats keyouatlersgsi siblebep=seiScucie (> jamaaysaste apaeks eter salen 160 
Onin Chee gedoeononds peels nea 0e cle Donbacscn oeacloy ocr 50 
INeubapteran sty. £4. OTHE AUF eR Oe FB. A AVEIPA forow: 30 
Wein Tafeto Ee Bsr? BROS Be OAT CIC Kin) SOM OGOO TOT Con ae 25 17 
PEGA GRMENL Cl clas Valet Nis) ea aie ee de near abalole’s elahplona cle sjete ick cietel ster cere cilclll ne te/etgs 75 
RECAPITULATION. 
RAE TO ASRS arg sts b}dyepsle> oe forowisig pry wroBoelp scone oes e Flags’ sheKeieinne apie o\5 1,367 
Dire tei ani nn st sone Om ads dats Mendes, o one wgi cule oe bi 513 
BROCAMMDIATLUSS crettats Woretc <te\c SieiasteishPN Nee tickota otena'e\o1 ota! akefnis! <iaxetolba vie 1,880 
WETHER A A? OB Beito DO. os ARE ROO R OO Sige DORE IMICISOInIIOG. 513 
Invertebrates ...... Ay sae ape sch SISO NA = ses cide atateia oeeietare wate foress Oats 1,657 
(IGT Me iay iin SUS Sells lee ee oe ahh UPR BiG Ocinic SetIENG co En: it 2,170 
20 Grand total of’ Hlimois species) \i.0 od) 243 los slat estohiodnne che ae 4,050 


10 


A considerable amount of marine material, nearly all in alcohol, 
amounting, as nearly as it can be estimated, to 3,000 specimens, a good 
collection of western birds, mammals and plants, and 1100 species 
of fossils and minerals, complete the general features of. the collec- 
sion, 

For the general student, the following exhibit of the families of 
of animals represented will be of interest: 


TABLE OF FAMILIES OF ANIMALS REPRESENTED IN 


ec als 
‘¢ a\2 . 
CLASSES. Els « 
© Wwoags 

n In < 
INiearramaall Syeetik Fe rarcrs eck Pegler rel ooo tee devs Lokobeets, oer ciate ee eae otets 14 23 | 10 
Ids Merete cee e ROM SOT cache oa eleaite Sere Des seh ee eee 3 rn 
pASsri pnt AIS 2 ct 2 Mecasess cece yocoke ce aysge ye e/oos (as tfeie ss ates) ode 6 oe ble aS aus | eer 8 
FRED bILESE VE ieee i stsvere claveleele! std niatelers edehs ic) pis 'Sloueeiaya''s yetoleie y= Se ea 16 
FEMISING Siesta peicne sesh vet tons tates «ae (chaste se are etal lel bis/sicusneheie ie ae 4 7| 8o 
INVOMU SKS Ue tate nye actensigbtce care tierce ie ssiscse lowe oe Gere e sete eee en eee 26| 37 
HSER 6 5.5 02. Bn Gas bit OR LESS LLL ERR tee bs ee eee tee ee 122| 45 
NivinicpOUSa pecicrecet iter theeteelotrie etek I te Sn et) ( | 6 
FATACHUIGS «wafers coke eae de delle eS au cya b Alas DAR Ceeie SN Sie ONAN Pee Dec 
CWrUStaCeAnsS 7 bute tutetuetie te mite inte eichen eae ivke Pim oie s ekte ene | amet ro] 41 
WWORITIS ena Se Prostate teket otal sietate nts Blosclode ote ohare tec hteieted fete |: Ae ts 25 
FIChiMOWeTHIS, Ge lian sh o/c eet LOndd a tia bs ss ereae PR 16 
Gcelenteratesitrcrtaweert ltecl acto eee ers lucie 2 ays riatetctep ees sida exc) Ss -.- 7 
SPONGES \- sa. <7 Be erctans Ahab iarkestess Goieteres be tristleunteye ieee eieierei 5) 5 2 
GG Leal erie eae nets, ccteys fourteen says tnreyhinie obese Coie sande fotese us foie eietapetchunte 211 304! 298 


A characteristic of the collections is indicated by the fact that all 
the material is prepared and arranged for study. Everything is 
preserved entire in alcOhol where this method of preparation will 
serve. The birds are in the form of skins, in drawers,. Nearly all 
of these specimens are named, labeled, catalogued, arranged and in- 
dexed, The catalogues are on cards, and show the position of each 
specimen in the cases, and give references to specific descriptions in 


the library. 
LIBRARY.: 

Although the library of natural history is too small to allow of 
original work in more than two or three classes, it has been care- 
fully selected, volume by volume, with reference to the collections, 
and answers therefore most of the purposes of the ordinary student. 


11 


It contains 475 bound volumes and 345 pamphlets, containing de- 
scriptions of about nine-tenths of the genera and species of Illinois 
plants and animals in the collections. 


All the books and papers containing zoological matter are in- 
dexed upon cards as one volume, according to the following gen- 
eral plan: 


Whenever matter of any value occurs relating to any species or 
other group of animals, reference to this matter is made upon a card 
bearing the name of the famzly to which the given group belongs 
according to certain standard authors. This reference gives, in 
compact form, a description of the paper, and cites to the work, 
volume and page on which it is to be found. The cards bearing 
these family names are then arranged alphabetically, in drawers 
made to contain them. In special cases the genera of a family are 
entered similarly on separate cards, but of another color. By the 
use of these indices everything in the library bearing upon any 


group of animals can be brought together with readiness and dis- 
patch. This plan of indexing will soon be extended to the botan- 


ical literature also, 

The most pressing need of the institution at present is a better 
library, without which many opportunities for work must be unim- 
proved. 

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LABORATORY. 


In October, 1876, was commenced the publication of a series of 
papers embodying the results of new work on the natural history 
of the State. These it was determined to issue in the form of irreg- 
ular bulletins, to be open to all naturalists working on the local 
fauna and flora. 


The first of these bulletins was issued in December, 1876, and the 
second in June, 1878. Fourteen papers in all have been published 
to date, of which the following six were prepared at the Labora- 


tory, and are based upon its collections: 


List of Illinois Crustacea, by S. A. Forbes; (mentions, with its 
appendix, 25 species, of which 12 are described as new, and 2 are 
redescribed, and gives one plate with 31 figures.) A key to the 
species of the preceding paper, by S. A. Forbes. A Partial Cata- 
logue of the Fishes of Illinois, by E. W. Nelson, 1876, (156 species, 
of which 9 are described as new.) A Catalogue of the Fishes of 


12 


Illinois, by D. S. Jordan, 1878, (177 species, of which g are new.) 
The Food of Illinois Fishes, by S. A. Forbes, (giving the details of 
food, determined by examining the stomachs of 149 specimens, be- 
longing to 54 species), and on the Crustacea Eaten by Fishes, by 
S. A. Forbes (12 species, 6 new to the State). The remaining eight 
include important papers on Orthopteta and Plant Lice, by Prof, 
Cyrus Thomas; on Parasitic Fungi, by Prof. T. J. Burrill; on the 
Mosses, Liverworts and Lichens of Illinois, by John Wolf and Elihu 
Hall; and on the distinguishing characters of leafless trees (The. 
Tree in Winter), by Dr. F. Brendel. The papers by Dr. Brendel 
and Prof, Burrill were profusely illustrated. 


These bulletins are supplied free to all Illinois naturalists, and to 
all other applicants from this State. To those outside the State 
they are sent in exchange for other publications, or for a stated 
price. They will be continued at such intervals as the activity of 
our naturalists may determine. 


ORIGINAL WORK. 


Continuous work is now going forward upon the food of birds, 
the food of fishes, the copepoda of. Illinois, the anatomy of Ophi- 
saurus, and a list of the lepidoptera of Illinois. Besides the articles 
published in the bulletins already mentioned, a paper prepared at 
the Laboratory, on the food of birds, giving the results of the ex- 
amination of the stomachs of 225 specimens, was printed in the 
transactions of the State Horticultural Society for 1876. 


DISTRIBUTIONS TO SCHOOLS, ETC. 


From the duplicates of the collection, and also in part from ma- 
terial bought for the purpose, sets of representative specimens are 
issued to such public schools as need them in their school work, 
_ on condition that assurance is given that the material will be prop- 
erly cared for. It is also requested that beneficiaries of the Labora- 
tory shall collect from their separate localities such material as may 
be made useful in subsequent distributions, and shall send this to 


the Laboratory in exchange for the specimens received. 


The material issued consists largely of alcoholic specimens of 
marine animals, the purpose being to supply to each school needing 
it, a small cabinet of the most essential animals which cannot be 
readily obtained otherwise by the school itself. Since January 1, 
1878, such sets have been sent to the schools of Oak Park, Cook 


te 


13 


county; Shelbyville, Shelby county; Macomb, McDonough county} 
Carrollton, Jersey county, and Kankakee, Kankakee county. ‘The 
total value of all the material thus supplied to the schools will 
reach some thousands of dollars. 


Larger collections have been sent to the Southern Illinois Nor 
mal University, and to the Industrial University at Champaign (the 
latter paying the first cost of part of the material). 


WORK FOR THE STATE MUSEUM. 


Beside the supply of the series of duplicates to this institution di- 
rected by law, large collections of birds, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, 
insects, and cryptogamous plants of the State are now being made 
for this Museum, under the management of the Director of the 
Laboratory. <All] zoological and botanical material is sent from the 
Laboratory to the Museum ready for the shelves of the exhibition 
cases. : 


FACILITIES FOR STUDENTS. 


The Laboratory is at all times open to students, who, for a small 
fee for incidentals, will be allowed to enter for special study of such 
subjects as each may select. Regular courses in general botany and 
zoology, and in comparative anatomy, histology and microscopy, 
are prepared for the especial benefit of teachers and ot medical stu 
dents who may wish a more liberal and thorough preparation for 
their professional studies than the ordinary institutions open to them’ 
are prepared to furnish. The satisfactory completion of one of 
these courses, or its equivalent in other work, will entitle the stu- 
dent to a certificate to that fact. 


SUMMER SCHOOLS OF SCIENCE. 


Vacation classes are organized each year for systematic field and 
laboratory work, and have thus far met with good success. They 
are intended chiefly for teachers and specialists, of which from 
twenty-five to fifty are convened at each session, 


, DESIDERATA. 


Those disposed to help forward a work so successfully begun and 
carried so far towards completion, will be interested to know in 
which direction their assistance can be made to contribute most to 
the progress of science in this State. The library lacks nearly all 
standard European works except the Catalogue of Fishes of the 


14 


British Museum, and works on crustacea. It also lacks the Journal 
of the Philadelphia Acadetny, the Tranactions ot the American 
Philosophical Society, the publications of the Boston Society, (ex- 
cept the Boston Journal of Natural History,) the Proceedings of 
he American Association, and the Americal Journal of Science 
and Arts. 


The chief gaps in the collections are among mammals, serpents 
and amphibians, mollusks (in alcohol), diptera, hymenoptera, arach- 
nida, mosses and fungi. Skeletons and skulls of any vertebrates 
would also be of the greatest value. The distribution of cabinets 
to schools affords a means of utilizing large numbers of duplicates, 
even of the commonest species. 


S. A. FORBES. 


The following report and resolution was read by Judge Caton, 
as Chairman of the Committee on Natural Science, and on motion 
was unanimously adopted. 

The Committee on Natural Science and Mathematics to whom was referred 
the report of Prof. Forbes, beg leave to report that they have examined said 


report, and also the improvements mentioned therein, and express their entire 
approvial thereof, and recommend the following resolution: 


Resolved, That the report of Professor Forbes be accepted, and that two 
thousand copies thereof be printed for distribution. 


S. M. ETTER, 


Secretary. 


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